Favorite Holidays Essay Example for Free

Favorite Holidays Essay 1. One of my favorite Holidays is 4th of July. A few years ago my dad and I went to Washington to pick out some illegal fireworks. So we went to the Black Cat firework store . I got some mortars and roman candles and all the fun fireworks you could think of. So the day before 4th of July we were lighting off a few roman candles and all of a sudden a under cover police car pulled into our driveway and the police officer inside the car said â€Å"are you lighting off illegal fireworks?† because he saw me with the roman candles, and my dad said â€Å"yes† so the police officer confiscated all the fireworks we had bought and were fined a thousand dollars. We did get our ticket reduced down to $250 because we attended a fire works class. This definitely opened my eyes to the danger of fire works. From that day forward, I’ve learned not to do anything your not supposed to do, like buy illegal fireworks. 2. My sister graduated last year and moved to Los Angeles to pursue her passion. She grew up training in dance and singing. We have a close family and we support her all the way. My family and I traveled to see her this summer. She sang originals song and danced with her back up dancers for the music label industry. Very important people were their to see her. She did fantastic and is signing with a major record label. She will be releasing her single by the end of this year and her album in Januarary of 2014. This was a big eye opener to me to know that working hard and pursuing your dreams can really come true. 3. A couple years ago my grandmother passed away. She was very sick the last few days she was alive and my family and I knew she only had a few more days before she was to pass away. I helped her all that I could and so did my parents. She was a great grandmother and nobody could replace her, she was my dads mother, she was the best grandmother anybody could ask for. I remember the game we use to play when she would babysit me, it was called hide the thimble. She had a thumb thimble for sewing, and we use to hide it all over her house kind of like hide and seek, she also used to make the best brownies I have ever eaten. But from that day on I have always learned one thing, you never know how much you miss someone until there gone.

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

Passion and Responsibility In the novel Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte uses Jane Eyre as her base to find out how a character confronts the demands of a private passion that conflicts with her responsibilities. . Mistreated abused and deprived of a normal childhood, Jane Eyre creates an enemy early in her childhood with her Aunt Mrs. Reed. Just as Mrs. Reeds life is coming to an end, she writes to Jane asking her for forgiveness, and one last visit from her. â€Å"Will you have the goodness to send me the address of my niece, Jane Eyre, and to tell me how she is. It is my intention to write shortly and desire her to come to see me at Madeira†¦I wish to adopt her during my life, and bequeath her at my death whatever I may have to leave.† (252) Regretting many things in her life, Jane is put into a situation in which the answer lies in deterring to redress the wrong or to keep the past where it belongs and do what Jane believes is ethical and morally right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obligations arise as Jane is forced to stay with Mrs. Reed. With out being nurtured, Jane receives unnecessary abuse and still feels as if she is yet to find â€Å"home†. Frustration slowly builds up in Jane’s mind and she awaits the perfect chance to let it all out, â€Å"You think I have no feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness; but I cannot live so: and you have no pity† (33) With the anger and anguish built up inside of Jane, she finally finds a chance to move out, leaving behind a broken relationship with her aunt Mrs. Reed. Jane works towards living a better life, a more worthwhile life leaving what happened in the past, where it belongs. As Mrs. Reed becomes ill, she wishes to see Jane one last time before she passes away. This triggers the moral side of the Character Jane Eyre, and she is stumped on a decision she was to make, not realizing that her decisions will show her true character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether it is because of the obligation, out of love, pity or kindness, Jane believes she visit Mrs. Reed and fulfill her last wishes. â€Å"Forgive me for my passionate language; I was a child then; eight, nine years have passed since that day.† (253) Putting the hardships behind her Jane gives her full apologies to Mrs. Jane Eyre :: essays research papers Passion and Responsibility In the novel Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte uses Jane Eyre as her base to find out how a character confronts the demands of a private passion that conflicts with her responsibilities. . Mistreated abused and deprived of a normal childhood, Jane Eyre creates an enemy early in her childhood with her Aunt Mrs. Reed. Just as Mrs. Reeds life is coming to an end, she writes to Jane asking her for forgiveness, and one last visit from her. â€Å"Will you have the goodness to send me the address of my niece, Jane Eyre, and to tell me how she is. It is my intention to write shortly and desire her to come to see me at Madeira†¦I wish to adopt her during my life, and bequeath her at my death whatever I may have to leave.† (252) Regretting many things in her life, Jane is put into a situation in which the answer lies in deterring to redress the wrong or to keep the past where it belongs and do what Jane believes is ethical and morally right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obligations arise as Jane is forced to stay with Mrs. Reed. With out being nurtured, Jane receives unnecessary abuse and still feels as if she is yet to find â€Å"home†. Frustration slowly builds up in Jane’s mind and she awaits the perfect chance to let it all out, â€Å"You think I have no feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness; but I cannot live so: and you have no pity† (33) With the anger and anguish built up inside of Jane, she finally finds a chance to move out, leaving behind a broken relationship with her aunt Mrs. Reed. Jane works towards living a better life, a more worthwhile life leaving what happened in the past, where it belongs. As Mrs. Reed becomes ill, she wishes to see Jane one last time before she passes away. This triggers the moral side of the Character Jane Eyre, and she is stumped on a decision she was to make, not realizing that her decisions will show her true character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether it is because of the obligation, out of love, pity or kindness, Jane believes she visit Mrs. Reed and fulfill her last wishes. â€Å"Forgive me for my passionate language; I was a child then; eight, nine years have passed since that day.† (253) Putting the hardships behind her Jane gives her full apologies to Mrs.

Investigation into the Judgements of Slang

Whenever we open our mouths, judgements are made on our social class, intelligence and even personalities. These judgements are based on various speech elements, such as our accent, dialect, vocabulary and use of slang. It is the latter that this study is based on. The particular type of slang I intend to focus on has recently emerged alongside a new speech pattern known as Multi Ethnic Youth Dialect. (MEYD) My aim is to investigate whether there is a correlation between slang use and negative judgements made on the user. Secondly, as slang is frequently compared to Halliday's Anti-Language hypothesis, I intend to see if it can rationally be seen as such. I also wish to investigate whether specific lexical items a slang user deploys will affect the judgements. Much of the slang used takes origins from gang and drug culture and as a result my hypothesis is that if speakers use slang that holds its origins in these backgrounds, people are likely to extend the negative attributes that are assigned to gang members and drug users and thus label the speakers as violent drug users. I also hypothesise that users of slang will be judged more negatively than non-users of slang. Methodology In my study I will research the slang itself and the opinions people have on slang speakers. I will use recordings of slang speakers which I will analyse, and I shall conduct a survey to collect data on people's opinions. I have gathered four different recordings of youths speaking slang to varying degrees. I am aware that controlling extraneous variables will be difficult but I have attempted to do so by ensuring all speakers use non-standard English (evidenced by their universal use of glottal stops) and that all use either MEYD or Estuary English (EE). Though it would be preferable to have all speakers using MEYD I found that as slang is so deeply entwined with usage of this dialect I was not able to find speakers who used lesser amounts of slang in this dialect. I intend to give four questionnaires (one for each recording) to each participant. The questionnaire will list attributes and after the participant has heard each recording they will be asked to rate the speaker out of four for each attribute (for example, one attribute may be how aggressive the participant is, one would be not at all aggressive, whilst four would be very aggressive) Once I have collected my data, I shall analyse the speakers' language usage and the questionnaire results. I will look for a correlation between language and attributes assigned to speakers, in particular how negatively they are viewed in relation to their slang use. I am aware I cannot practically use as large a sample size as would be desirable, however, I shall take this into account when assessing my results. Analysis Multi Ethnic Youth Dialect (MEYD) In recent years, a dialect known as Multi Ethnic Youth Dialect has emerged. A wealth of research has already been conducted on this accent by such linguists as Sue Fox and David Britain. Though research has mostly been conducted into Multi-cultural London English (MLE) this is just one example of MEYD that is spread across different areas in the country. MEYD derives from multicultural diversity in inner city areas. Increased immigration in cities has lead to various forms of English merging. For the most part the predominant form of English is that spoken in Britain, but it is not uncommon to hear vocabulary that has derived from alternate forms such as the Jamaican Creole. The slang of MEYD derives from a variety of different dialects and creoles. Though I intend to focus on slang, there are several other notable features: An extremely rhythmic speech pattern deriving from West Indes' speech is typical. This rhythmic style of speaking is noticeable in speakers' use of plosives: For example the unvoiced dental fricative in â€Å"thing† being substituted with the voiceless dental plosive so that it is pronounced â€Å"ting†. Use of the glottal stop is also common, resulting from the influence of Estuary English of which the glottal stop is a defining element. These features are all used by speaker one when he says:- â€Å"you have a li*le (.) play area ting inni* where you can just go cotch† The â€Å"cotch† derives from the Jamaican Creole, the use of glottal stops are denoted by asterisks and â€Å"Thing† has been pronounced with the voiceless dental plosive reflecting the rhythmic features of MEYD. MEYD as Anti-Language In many ways, the use of MEYD by youths fits into the idea of anti-language developed by Halliday. In an anti-language words are used in an attempt to exclude people who are not members of the anti-language's discourse community. The dialect of some of my speakers fits well into the idea of anti-language. As Halliday's fourth requirement of an anti-language states the grammar of MEYD is virtually identical to the norm. Though there are some exceptions to the rule such as the second speaker's use of â€Å"you revved† instead of â€Å"you're revved† which derives from the Jamaican Creoles distinct pronoun use. However, the general rules of English grammar are for the most part entirely kept. Halliday's third rule dictates the main linguistic deviation in an anti-language is the lexis. This rule is followed by MEYD speakers and a great variety of lexis which does not adhere to common usage is displayed; for example the first speaker uses the term â€Å"cake† in place of â€Å"being looked for by police† though the word â€Å"cake† could be found in the dictionary, its definition would be entirely different from what the speaker uses it to mean. Halliday's suggestion is that an anti-language is born out of the speakers desire to distance themselves from accepted society. Though this would be difficult to prove of the speakers, it would be likely considering ideas of â€Å"youth rebellion† alongside the fact that most speakers of this form of slang are of the younger generation. Were MEYD to be considered an anti-language this would be hugely relevant to my study. As anti-language demonstrates a desire to be distanced from the norm, it is frequently linked with criminality and rebellious behaviour; this is not helped by the air of secrecy that surrounds anti-language making it difficult for non-users to understand. Lexis (Speaker 1/Very strong slang) The first speaker uses more slang words than any of the other speakers, for this reason, he can be seen as an example of very strong slang. However, to gain a full understanding of the slang he uses, it is necessary to examine the lexis he uses. The first non-standard word used is the concrete noun â€Å"crib†. The word originates from Northern America, initially meaning a â€Å"disreputable bar or brothel†. Since the mid nineteenth century amelioration has occurred and it is used simply to mean home. However, it is still mildly associated with criminality . The next word â€Å"innit†, is an abbreviation of â€Å"isn't it†. The word is not attached to a question but used as a filler or hedge that backs up as a rhetorical device. By using the term â€Å"innit† at the end of a sentence the speaker asks a rhetorical question. Though the question does not necessarily have to be answered it nonetheless seems to be intended to engage the receiver's attention. Though using the word, the receiver has directly been addressed and therefore brought further into the conversation. Despite its rhetorical advantages it is possible that from a prescriptivist point of view, the shortening may be perceived as a result of the speaker's laziness. The first speaker also uses the term â€Å"mans† which though not strictly lexical slang is nonetheless noteworthy. It is highly probable that the term â€Å"mans† derives from an overextension of the standard rules of pluralisation by people to whom English isn't 1st Language. The regular rules of pluralisation have been applied to the irregular plural â€Å"men†. Though the word â€Å"mans† would seem the most logical plural to apply it is grammatically incorrect as â€Å"men† is a plural group noun and thus it is highly likely judgements would be made on intelligence and education. The attributive adjective â€Å"hot† is used to mean â€Å"wanted by police†. The term has British origins and was initially used by thieves to describe stolen goods around the time of 1925. Broadening of the term has since occurred and not only objects but also people can be described as hot, this is demonstrated by the use of the adjective in reference to a person. It is not hard to see how the origins of the term may increase people's likelihood to assume criminality in the speaker. The word â€Å"cake† serves as a synonym to â€Å"hot†. It is also notable that through the speaker's use of slang he is unlikely to be viewed as well spoken and this may be judged to be of low intelligence. Alongside this, if we accept the suggestion of MEYD as a type of anti-language the speaker may be deemed as rebellious or associated with criminality. Lexis (Speaker 2/Strong slang) The second speaker does not use as much slang as the first; however it is still necessary to have a familiarity with the vocabulary he uses to gain a full understanding of his speech. He can for this reason be seen as an example of strong slang. He uses the verbal phrase â€Å"tripping out† which originates from 1970's slang. The initial term being â€Å"Acid Trip† which described a hallucinogenic experience caused by LSD. The verbal phrase originated from this and broadened to mean being under the influence of any type of drug and later to simply mean â€Å"acting crazy or funny†. Regardless of the effect of broadening many people still take the phrase to mean being under the influence of drugs and thus may associate the speaker with drug use. As with the first speaker, the word â€Å"cake† is used and one would assume similar effects to arise. Though it is notable that the word simply appears in a list of slang words the speaker has heard and so the effects may not be as extreme. The adjective â€Å"revved† has complex origins. Its original form was the abstract noun â€Å"revolutions†. The noun was used in reference to a car's revolutions and abbreviated to â€Å"rev† for ease of use. From this use the verb â€Å"to rev† was created via conversion and â€Å"to rev a car† meant â€Å"to force the engine to produce revs†. From this the passive stative verb form â€Å"to be revved† was used in reference to being excited, in this sense the word is a metaphor comparing the excited state of a person with a car producing several â€Å"revolutions† allowing it to go faster. The adjective â€Å"revved† finally derived from this. The term however can also be used to mean â€Å"under the influence of drugs† and as a result it is possible that speakers may again associate the speaker with drug culture. As with the first speaker, it is again possible that the second user of slang will be deemed as â€Å"not very well spoken† and possibly â€Å"unintelligent† or â€Å"uneducated† simply for his using slang. It is also noticeable that he says â€Å"you† in place of â€Å"you're†, this deviation from the standard derives from the Jamaican Creole but its grammatical incorrectness is again likely to make listeners deem the speaker unintelligent regardless of his genuine attributes. Lexis (Speaker 3/Weak slang) Unlike the first two speakers, no knowledge of slang or MEYD is required to understand the third speaker. Though slang is used, it is applied within the context of discussing slang terms. The speaker also does not use several features that are common in MEYD such as rhythmic pronunciation or loan words from ethnic minorities. The language used by the speaker fits more into the category of Estuary English (EE) than it does MEYD. Due to these features I have chosen to use this speaker as an example of Weak Slang. The speaker uses the term â€Å"busted† but in the sentence â€Å"I wouldn't say busted† thus denying any links with the word. Another word used is â€Å"bun† which was initially meant â€Å"tart† or â€Å"slag†. The adjective is English in origin and entered mainstream usage in the late nineteenth century. The speaker also talks about the attributive adjective â€Å"butters† that means â€Å"ugly†. It is most likely of UK origin and probably derives from clipping the phrase â€Å"butt-ugly†. The adjective's meaning has also broadened so that it can be used to refer to anything that causes aesthetic displeasure while previously it could only be used in reference to people. The term â€Å"minging† is an converted adjective from the derogatory noun â€Å"minger† that derives from the Scottish phrase â€Å"ming† meaning â€Å"stink†. The specific lexis of the speaker's vocabulary does not hold negative connotations. It is, however, possible that due to the fact all slang used by the speaker is in some way derogatory, judgements may be made on her friendliness. It is also possible that through using slang the speaker may be deemed â€Å"poorly spoken† or â€Å"unintelligent† Lexis (Speaker 4/No Slang) The final speaker uses no slang and is simply in this study to act a control which should enable me to determine the extent the data gained from the questionnaires is due to slang. Results With shocking regularity, the results followed a distinct pattern. On almost all categories the two speakers of strong slang are rated very poorly (the speaker of very strong slang coming lowest) followed by the speaker of weak slang, who tends to fair comparatively well in people's judgements. With no exception at all, the speaker who does not use slang is seen by people as the least aggressive, most educated, most friendly, hardest working, most intelligent and best spoken. 60% of people said the non-slang user was highly likely to develop a successful career compared to the very strong-slang speaker, who was deemed highly likely to fail a job interview by 70%. If we take an average score of each participant, inversing the characteristics seen as negative (so a score of 4 on aggression would be calculated as a 1) we can see how well each speaker is perceived to conform to the idea of a good and productive member of society. Looking at this â€Å"good citizen† rating, we see the same pattern emerge: Again, a direct correlation is visible between how favourably the speaker is looked upon and the degree of slang they use. Conclusions We can confidently assert that in this study there is an evident relationship between slang usage and the judgements made of individuals. However, an interesting question is whether the specific lexical items used have a direct relationship with the judgments made. If we look back to the previous analysis of the speakers' vocabulary, and assume that specific lexical items do have a relationship with the judgements made, we would be led to believe the very strong slang speaker would come out worst in all categories, with the exception of â€Å"likelihood to take drugs† which would be dominated by the strong slang speaker. Interestingly this is exactly the case. The â€Å"likelihood to take drugs† category is the only exception to the general principle that the very strong slang user is judged least favourable. The data collected would lead us to believe that: Slang is in fact an anti-language, or at least perceived as one. This is reflected by the fact that the stronger speakers of slang were judged to not conform to the notion of good citizenship. Users of slang are judged more negatively than non-users of slang. The more slang is used, the more negative the judgements. This is demonstrated in the consistent pattern of the results; with the strongest slang user being judged worst, and the non-slang user being judged best. Judgements made on slang speakers have a direct relationship with the specific lexical items used. This is suggested in the strong slang speaker (who used slang derived from drug culture) being judged more likely to take drugs than the very strong slang speaker. Evaluation In any investigation, an inquiring mind is necessary, and for this reason there are several issues of validity that we must discuss. Our only evidence for suggesting that specific lexical items impact the judgements made is that the strong slang speaker was judged higher than the very strong slang speaker in his likelihood to take drugs. However, the strong slang speaker is not judged particularly higher than the very strong slang speaker thus we cannot completely assert that it is indefinitely due to his specific vocabulary, although we can speculate. Were the suggestion correct, only a small difference would be expected, as judgement on specific lexical items requires participants to have knowledge of slang used and it is unlikely that they all would. The results do not hold infinite validity, and there are undoubtedly extraneous variables however they are consistent, though we cannot completely label the results as coming from the suggested cause: One could potentially put the results down to people judging the two females higher or judging the two northerners lower. But this would still not answer the question as to why participants rated the individual females or northerners in the order they did with such consistently. One alternative explanation is that there was an apparent correlation between the class speakers were judged to be, and the participants perception of these speakers (the lower the speaker's class, the worse they were judged) The class measurement was, however, simply a judgement made of the speakers, not an actual measurement, and so one would have to explain why the speakers were judged to be the class they were, which seems to take us full circle, and back to their usage of slang as an explanation. While the results do not prove the hypothesis, they undoubtedly suggest it. To know the hypothesis' results for sure, further study would be needed.

Wes Anderson Analysis Essay - 1599 Words

Wes Anderson is an American film director and screenwriter, whose films are commonly known for their visual and distinctive narrative style. All of his films have been recognised for their extensive use of flat space camera moves, obsessively symmetrical compositions, recurring actors, snap-zooms, slow-motion walking shots, a deliberately limited color palette and hand-made art direction often utilizing miniatures. He uses all these features to define his artistic style as an auteur. Anderson, as an auteur, has demonstrated a master of style with a flair for quick-witted comedy and eccentric characters. Being defined as an artistic being, Anderson’s films have inherited that feel, in the sense that throughout all of his films he has used†¦show more content†¦A tracking shot follows M.Gustave through the walls of the hotel to a suite which is where he plans to have lunch with Madame.D. - the unknown owner of the hotel - he then lets the servants enter and begins to ord er them around as to where they should place everything. A symmetrical shot is demonstrated in this scene when Madame.D. has left and Gustave is talking to Zero face to face and the way that they have been compositionally placed as they talk is very symmetrical as they are basically mirroring each other. Another tracking shot is used in this scene during Zero’s interview - the new lobby boy of the hotel - the camera is following them throughout the hotel whilst Gustave is asking Zero questions, as well as still doing his job as a highly successful concierge greeting guests. 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Essay about Mass Hysteria - 1229 Words

The play â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller was written in response to McCarthyism in the 1950’s. In 1692 and 1693 the Salem witch trials took place in Salem Massachusetts. Girls believed to be involved in witchcraft were responsible for these trials. In the late 1940’s and early 1950’s senator McCarthy came to office. Senator McCarthy and some of his allies were responsible for hysteria in the United States of America in the 1950’s. The scare was also in result of a communist scare after World War II and leading to the cold war. The behavior of the people of the Salem witch trials and Americans in the 19050’s resulted in a big scare in reaction to hysteria. McCarthy was elected senate after becoming a lawyer in his sate of Wisconsin.†¦show more content†¦Republicans willingly used the fear of the people to take control of congress and the government. Once people were accused of being a communist they would have to testify in front of organizations such as the House of Un-American Activities Committee. This committee would do what ever necessary to prove someone guilty. They would use the smallest evidence against u to prove you guilty. Despite someone being able to claim their Fifth Amendment right to avoid self-incrimination, the accused would lose their jobs. All the people that the were accused of being communist were put on black lists created by the House of Un-American Activities Committee. One of the most popular of these lists was the Hollywood ten lists. It contained a list of some screen writers who went against HUAC in 1947. Important industries in the United States of America contained some of these black lists of people who were believed to be communists or communist sympathizers. Because of that fact anybody on these black lists could not get a real job to support them. The people on these black lists were accused of being communists based on no real solid information that the Un ited States government really had. About 20 percent of the people affected were college faculty or graduate students. (Anne Marie Hacht and Dwayne D. Hayes 3) By the republicans having control of Washington this would ironically be the end of McCarthyism. 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Summary Of Being The Token Negro - 2188 Words

â€Å"Being the token Negro was something I was never entirely comfortable with. I was the only black kid in my fifth-grade class at P.S. 138 in the then all-white enclave of Rosedale, Queens.† p. 89 James’s mother provided the best education to her children. That meant attending schools that were located in Jewish neighborhoods. James and his siblings were often the only black children in their classes. I am unsurprised James felt uncomfortable in a class full of students with the same skin color. Students must have stared at him like he was an alien and made prejudice remarks. Yet, I understand Ruth’s decision for only wanting the best for her children. She is a mother and like all mothers around the world, she will do whatever she possibly†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"So after a while, I had me my own friend, and he didn’t care that I wore second-handed clothes or was Jewish. He never judged me. That’s the first thing I liked about him, in fact that’s what I Liked about black folks all my life. They never judged me.† p. 109 I believe the reason Ruth prefered blacks were because they were not biased. As she states, â€Å"They never judged me.† On the other hand, people in Suffolk-- Ruth’s hometown-- were the complete opposite. Also, Ruth is bilingual because she is able to speak Yiddish fluently, as well as English. Therefore, in the quote she writes, â€Å"I had me my own friend.† She might not be able to speak English nearly as well as Yiddish. â€Å"That was a big thing in the South. You’re white, and even if you’re a Jew, since you’re white you’re better than a so-called colored. Well, I didn’t feel number one with nobody but him, and I didn’t give a hoot that he was black. He was kind! He was good! I knew that!† p. 113 This is a perfect example demonstrating how everyone is equal regardless of his/her skin color. People are so quick to judge an individual based on his/her skin color and race that they overlook the fact to get to know the person. I love Ruth’s statement, â€Å"Well, I didn’t feel number one with nobody but him.† Peter (Ruth’s boyfriend at the time) was black; she was white. Whites were known to be superior while blacks were known to be insignificant. They were not allowed to be standing together, yet one cannot

Leadership for Healthcare Management Forum-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLeadership for Healthcare Management Forum. Answer: Introduction: Leadership is referred as concept which defines the behavior of person while directing a group towards a shared goal. The most important feature of leadership involves influencing group activities and dealing with the change. The biggest issue faced by the healthcare professionals in context of leadership is that maximum theories related to the leadership are developed from business point of view and not from the health care point of view. In other words, theories developed in business context are also used for the healthcare purpose. Published researches in this context provide very few evidences related to initiatives in leadership that are allied with the improvements occurred in the patient care or results related to the organization at the time when they are applied in healthcare setting (Garman, Brinkmeyer, Gentry, Butler, Fine, 2010). It must be noted that leadership theory is dynamic in nature and changed with the time. The early great man theory stated that different individuals have different factors that make them good leaders. Different behavioral theories were developed between the year 1940 and 1980 which also describe common leadership styles such as authoritarian, democratic and laissez-fair. Situational and contingency theories were also developed between the years 1950-1980, and these theories documented the significance of seeing the needs of the employees, the task to be performed, and the situation or environment (Sawai, 2013). Interactional leadership theories mainly focus on influence within the particular organizational environment, and the interactive leadership skills of the leader with the follower. This theory is based on the organizational behavior studies which further stated if people have supportive leaders who support them at personal level then such peoples are happier. Healthcare bodies include numbers of professional groups, departments, and specialties with complex and nonlinear connections between them. It must be noted that complexity of these systems is generally unequaled because of the constraints related to the different disease areas, multidirectional goals, and multidisciplinary staff. Within these health care systems there are number of groups which belong from different cultures might provide support to each other or be in fight with each other. Leadership needs to be capitalizing in these health care systems in efficient manner for the purpose of ensuring efficient utilization of resources while designing the process of management and for encouraging the personnel to work towards the common objectives. There are different leadership approaches which can be used by the healthcare systems for the purpose of improving the management in this highly complex environment (Garman, Brinkmeyer, Gentry, Butler, Fine, 2010). This report discusses the leadership and management within the healthcare sector, and for this purpose we define important concepts from the leadership and management field which also includes followership. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Leadership theories and their applicability in healthcare systems: Leadership concepts: Nursing is considered as noble profession which requires selfless leadership, and the duties of nursing leader include ensuring the highest regulations and standards of patient care by managing the human and financial resources in effective and efficient manner. The main concept of nursing leadership includes commitment, vision, and direction. Good leaders conduct such actions which inspire their followers in positive manner. It must be noted that the prime objective of leaders in health care systems are ensuring such sustaining cultures that ensure high quality and compassionate care for patients. As per the results of one research, for the purpose of achieving this target five key cultural elements must be present and these elements include: Leaders must inspire their visions which are operationalized at each and every level. Leaders must provide clear objectives to all the team members, departments, and individual staff. Must ensure supportive environment and also high level of staff engagement. Leaders must ensure inclusion of learning, innovation and quality improvement in the practice of all staff members. Effective working of the team (West, Lyubovnikova, Eckert Denis, 2014). For the purpose of ensuring high quality of care, there must be direction, alignment and commitment to be shared. Leader also ensure holistic view of care which also includes commitment for the purpose of improving linkages with other providers in the system and also for achieving the main objectives of the system such as continuity of care (Woods, Baker, Charles, Dawson, Jerzembek, Martin, McCarthy, McKee, Minion, Ozieranski, Willars, Wilkie, and West, 2014). Above stated research further stated that leaders related to the best performing health care systems prioritized a vision and also develop strategic framework for the purpose of focusing on high quality and compassionate care. In these healthcare systems, different leaders clarify that high quality compassionate care was the main and priority purpose of any health systems. Various evidences are present which stated that such arrangement has an important influence for the purpose of reducing the effects of faultiness, and this is defined as difference occurred in group and status that interfere with the effective collaboration. This is a very common issue in the health care systems (Bezrukova, Thatcher, Jehn, Spell, 2012). Another important target for health care leaders is job satisfaction of their employees. When staff of the healthcare system of the organization reported that they are completely satisfied with their immediate supervisors and patients reported that they are treated with care, respect, and compassion then such supervisor is considered as effective leader. Emotional and social intelligence: Emotional and Social intelligence (ESI) is the approach with correlates with the ability of the person in self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and relationship management. These skills facilitate the understanding and managing of social importance. If leaders in the health care system adopt this approach then they get separate benefit related to their positions. This approach also helps the leaders to make emotional bond with their employees and patients while mentoring and coaching their team members (Cummings, MacGregor, Davey, Lee, Wong, Lo, Muise Stafford, 2010). Competencies related to this approach generally consider those factors which separate the average leader from the great leader. However, ESI of the person improved with the time. In other words, it can be said that thoughts and feelings of the person are important in allowing us to influence others (NLP, n.d.). Leadership ethics: Ethical leadership is the approach which mainly concentrates on the approach of the individual providerpatient relationship. However, delivery of patient care becomes predominant in team based and integrated across provider organizations. It must be noted that, these ethical frameworks of the health care system must consider micro- and macro-factors within the system. The broader issue in this context requires managers and leaders to supplement their ethical approach beyond the current and prospective patients. In other words, leaders must consider team, organization, and broader system of the organization where high standard of coordination and oversights are essential. Administrators of the health care are also accountable towards the patients only but they are also accountable towards the team and system. They are under obligation to ensure how system is organized for the purpose of delivering and ensure quality care for patients (Ho piney, 2016). Strategic leadership: That healthcare entity which has complex system then even easiest term is getting more complex while handling. In this situation, it becomes difficult to manage the system in effective manner. It must be noted that in context of international dimension now health care entities which are considered as ordinary service sector, are now gaining more professional approach. Terms such as rights of patients, quality, etc are considered as important point of present health care institutions. Those health care entities which want to keep up with the time must ensure that their leaders have competencies and elements of strategic leadership. Strategic leadership is the concept which not only ensure effective strategic framework for the organizations, but also ensure efficient use of resources for maintaining framework (Budak Kar, 2014). Roles of management in the health sector: Management theories: Healthcare entities are considered as growing field, and as estimated by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics job market in context of healthcare managers will grow by 16% in 2018. Health care managers have various important obligations such as administration of complete health care systems such as hospitals. Effective leadership in the healthcare entity depends on the type of management theory implemented in the organization. Some of these management theories are stated below (Lewis, n.d.): Attribution theory is the way through which managers assess the success and failures of the health care systems and programs. As stated by the Patrick Palmieri and Lori Peterson's (2009), for the purpose of building safer health care system manager can use this theory because it ensures safer environment for the patients. However, this theory cannot be considered as fully developed management theory in context of health care. Another important management theory in context of healthcare is based on evidence (evidence-based management). As stated by the K. Walshe and T.G. Rundall (2001), managers of healthcare slowly accept and apply similar theories from which they generally handle healthcare workers. This is the theory under which different professionals such as doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals make decision on the basis of basis of best available evidences. Third and last theory is the utilization management. This theory gets wider application in the industry of health care in comparison of other theoretical approaches. This is the approach which ensures management of healthcare institute through preset or predefined guidelines. Project management: From many years, healthcare industry is engaged in the projects, but managers of this industry do not use any formal techniques for managing the projects. Now, these managers realized that for remain competitive, they must develop such skills through which they select and manage the projects in effective manner. Managers must realize that there are number of concepts related to the project management which help them in working with people daily basis (Bolman Deal, 2003). Some advantages related to project management are stated below: Project management ensures best control in context of human resources, physical resources, and financial resources. It helps in improving the relationship with the customers. It takes short time for developments. It helps in reducing the cost related to the project. Project management ensures high quality and increased reliability. It also provides higher profit margins. It improves productivity in the health care entity. Ensures better internal coordination. Boost up the morale of the workers. Reduce the stress level. Additionally, project management in health care entities ensure other programs such as embracing program and portfolio management for the purpose of meeting the requirements of the organization(Kathy, 2013). Quality service development and improvement change: Creating a safety culture and establishing a constructive climate: A strong safety culture in the health care entity help the managers in reducing the medical errors, and it also encourage the leaders of the hospitals to take responsibility in context of patients safety. However, leading researches related to healthcare safety stated that few chief executives of the healthcare put the patient safety in their prior objective list and also allocate sufficient resources for improving safety level in the organization. At the same time, it is necessary for the leaders of the healthcare to learn how they can improve safety leaves in the entity. Strong safety leadership includes six important characteristics and all these characteristics are stated below: It is necessary to set and clearly communicate the vision of the entity in context of safety. It is necessary to value and empowered the human resource of the entity. Must engage actively for the purpose of improving safety of patients in the organization. Must lead by the example. Manger must focus on the issues related to the system. Organization continuously searches for the purpose of improving the opportunities (Singer Tucker, n.d.). Clinical governance - myth or reality: Clinical governance is considered as a system through which healthcare entities are accountable in context of ensuring continuous improvement of the quality of the services provided by them and also ensure high standards of care related the patient safety. In other words, they are under obligation to develop such environment which ensures excellence in care provided by clinics. It is an umbrella term which mainly covers those activities which help the healthcare entity in sustaining and improving patient care. Nursing staff may already be familiar with these activities and also ensure quality and safety improvement. It is the duty of healthcare organizations towards the community that they conduct such practices and activities which ensure quality and safety in the system. No matter which approach is adopted by the organization, they must provide evidences that standards adopted by them are high. There are number of factors related to clinical governance and this mainly includes activities related to the quality improvement, risk identification and management, etc. As defined in the report issued by WHO, clinical governance divide the quality issues in 4 major areas (Crook, 2002): (1) Efficient use of resources in the provision of health care. (2) Manage the risk effectively which results from the service provided by the healthcare. (3) Satisfaction of the patients while providing the service. (4) Professional performance review (WHO, 1983). Quality service concepts and tools: Necessity in context of quality and safety improvement initiates pervades of health care. Quality for this purpose is defined as the concept under which services related to health in context of individuals enhance the chances of wanted health results. Following are the tools which can be used by the leaders for the purpose of providing quality service to the patients: Advanced Implementation Quality Planning- this tool is used for the purpose of ensuring advanced services in the department. Affinity Diagram- this tool is used by the organization for the purpose of generating, organizing, and consolidates information related to a product, process, complex issue, or problem. Application of 5S- this new application helps the members of the team to develop a new enrollment template for the purpose of providing services. Control plan- last but not the least, this is the plan which state written summary of actions, resources, and other requirements for the purpose of ensuring that process is followed properly (ASQ, n.d.). Maximizing Organizational Performance: Productivity and efficiency Effective: Leader is also under obligation to frame such strategies and conduct all the operations of the health care system in such manner as it ensure effective productivity in the organization nada los ensure reduction in production cost. In other words, leaders of the health care systems are not only liable towards the patients and their only job is not only taking care of the patients, but they are also liable towards the organizations also. Inter professional teamwork: Inter professional team is the means through which different professional of healthcare with diverse knowledge skills and talents work together for the purpose of achieving common goal. Leaders have opportunities to get best results for the healthcare by promoting coordination, collaboration, communication and decision making for the purpose of achieving best healthcare outcomes. This factor also increases the profitability of the organization and helps them in getting competitive advantage. Empowerment and engagement: Patient empowerment can be defined as approach which inspires the patients to take active participation in health services provided to them by the health providers. The main purpose of authorizing the patients is to aid the patients in developing self-awareness and self-care and also promote the understanding that patients can be equal partners in their healthcare decision. This approach helps the leaders to promote the patient empowerment and engagement of patients in the decisions taking by healthcare entity. This increases the entity profitability and increases its reputation among patients. Problem solving and decision-making frameworks: This is the most important area and it directly affects the performance of the organization. Therefore, there is need to prepare such framework and policies which not only resolve issues but also help the entity in making the decisions of the organization. Conclusion: Leadership in health care organization is an approach which not only manages the work environment of the organization but also ensures safety of patients in the entity. Prime objective of leaders in health care systems are ensuring such satisfying values that results in high quality and concerned care for the patients. It is necessary for the leaders of the healthcare to learn how they can improve safety leaves in the entity. That leaders related to the best performing health care systems arranged a dream and also develop strategic framework for the purpose of focusing on proper care. References: ASQ. Quality in Healthcare. Retrieved on 27th March 2018 from: https://asq.org/healthcare-use/links-resources/tools.html. Bezrukova, K., Thatcher, S. M. B., Jehn, K. A., Spell, C. S. (2012) The effects of alignments: Examining group faultlines, organizational cultures, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97 (1), 77-92. Bolman, G. Deal, E. (2003). Reframing leadership. Business leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass;. p. 86-110. Budak, F. kar, A. The importance of strategic leadership in healthcare management. Retrieved on 27th March 2018 from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317258400_THE_IMPORTANCE_OF_STRATEGIC_LEADERSHIP_IN_HEALTHCARE_MANAGEMENT. Crook, M. (2002). Clinical governance and pathology. Journal of clinical Pathology ; 55(3): 177179. Cummings, G. MacGregor, T. Davey M. Lee, H. Wong, C. Lo, E. Muise, M. Stafford, E. (2010). Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: a systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Stud. Mar;47(3). Garman, N. Brinkmeyer, L. Gentry, D. Butler, P. Fine, D.(2010). Healthcare leadership outliers: An analysis of Senior administrators from the top U.S. hospitals.J Health Adm Educ;27(2):87-97. Ho, A. Pinney, S. (2016). Redefining ethical leadership in a 21st-century healthcare system. Healthcare Management Forum, Vol. 29(1) 39-42. Kathy, (2013). An Introduction to Healthcare Project Management. Retrieved on 27th march 2018 from: https://kathyschwalbe.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/healthcare-pm-chapter-1.pdf. Lewis, J. Types of Health Care Management Theories. Retrieved on 27th march 2018 from: https://classroom.synonym.com/types-health-care-management-theories-2565.html. NLP. Why Leaders Need Emotional and Social Intelligence. Retrieved on 27th March 2018 from: https://nlp-leadership-coaching.com/why-leaders-need-emotional-and-social-intelligence/. Palmeiri, P. Peterson, L. (2009), Attribution theory and healthcare culture: Translational management science contributes a framework to identify the etiology of punitive clinical environments, in Grant T. Savage, Myron D. Fottler (ed.) Biennial Review of Health Care Management: Meso Perspective (Advances in Health Care Management, Volume 8) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.81 111. Sawai, A. (2013). Leadership of Healthcare Professionals: Where Do We Stand?. Oman Medical Journal; 28(4): 285287. Singer, S. Tucker, A. Creating a Culture of Safety in Hospitals. Retrieved on 27th march 2018 from: https://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/evnts/media/Creating_Safety_Culture-SSingerRIP.pdf. Walshe, K. Rundalle, T. (2001). Evidence-based management: from theory to practice in health care. Milbank Q. 2001;79(3):429-57, IV-V. West, M. A., Lyubovnikova, J., Eckert, R., Denis, J.L. (2014). Collective leadership for cultures of high quality health care. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 1, 240 260. Woods, M., Baker, R., Charles, K., Dawson, J., Jerzembek, G., Martin, G., McCarthy, I., McKee, L., Minion, J., Ozieranski, P., Willars, J., Wilkie, P., and West, M. (2014). Culture and behaviour in the English National Health Service: overview of lessons from a large multimethod study. BMJ Quality and Safety, 23 (2), 106-115. World Health Organization, (1983). The principles of quality assurance. Copenhagen: WHO.